Which of the following is a non-chemical method used for weed management?

Hand weeding is recognized as a non-chemical method of weed management because it involves the manual removal of weeds without the use of any pesticides or herbicides. This method relies on physical labor to uproot unwanted plants from the soil, which can be particularly effective in small areas or in locations where chemical treatments may not be suitable—such as around sensitive crops or in organic farming systems. It also minimizes the potential for chemical runoff and environmental impact, making it an environmentally friendly approach to maintaining desired plant populations.

In contrast, herbicide spraying, soil fumigation, and insecticidal dusting are all chemical methods that involve the application of substances designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants or pests. These approaches can have various negative consequences on the environment, including harm to non-target species and the development of pesticide resistance in pests. Therefore, choosing hand weeding as a solution helps to promote sustainable agricultural practices by reducing reliance on chemical inputs.